英文范文跨國(guó)公司優(yōu)勢(shì)與劣勢(shì)

　　本英文范文主要內(nèi)容是討論跨國(guó)公司的基本概念和形式，包括研究跨國(guó)企業(yè)的優(yōu)勢(shì)與劣勢(shì)。總結(jié)跨國(guó)企業(yè)在當(dāng)今商業(yè)背景下所面臨的問題。《現(xiàn)代管理論壇》是一本為企業(yè)管理及相關(guān)理論服務(wù)的社會(huì)學(xué)期刊。該刊不僅涵蓋了管理理念，還涉及對(duì)不同業(yè)務(wù)與企業(yè)管理發(fā)展趨勢(shì)的解讀、討論與評(píng)價(jià)。《現(xiàn)代管理論壇》致力于為企業(yè)與員工提供高質(zhì)量的獨(dú)特交流平臺(tái)，并通過將期刊傳遞的有價(jià)值信息應(yīng)用于現(xiàn)實(shí)工作環(huán)境、通過將管理理念與實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)的有機(jī)結(jié)合來惠及企業(yè)及員工。

　　跨國(guó)企業(yè)(TNC)也可以被稱為跨國(guó)公司(MNC)，這是一個(gè)公司或者企業(yè)，有權(quán)控制等方面的經(jīng)營(yíng)和提供服務(wù)，在多個(gè)國(guó)家的時(shí)間甚至不擁有它(Peter Dicken，2007)。iTNC有許多辦公室和工廠，在許多不同的發(fā)展中國(guó)家，其總部將設(shè)在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。它是地理上的靈活和能力，以優(yōu)勢(shì)，在不同國(guó)家的工廠，在生產(chǎn)的因素。除此之外，也要引進(jìn)外國(guó)直接投資(FDI)，有很大的影響，對(duì)地方經(jīng)濟(jì)和全球經(jīng)濟(jì)能提供工作機(jī)會(huì)，提高生產(chǎn)力，提高出口和產(chǎn)生經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展欠發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家或發(fā)展中國(guó)家以及。TNC的一個(gè)例子是索尼。全球經(jīng)濟(jì)是指一個(gè)國(guó)家的商品、服務(wù)和資本的自由流動(dòng)的綜合性世界經(jīng)濟(jì)。而“自由”意味著企業(yè)可以做的一切，自由地探索都沒有任何限制，甚至進(jìn)入或退出市場(chǎng)。

　　Transnational Corporation (TNC) can be known as Multinational Corporation (MNC) which is a corporation/ enterprise that have power to control operations such as productions and deliver services in more than one country at a time even does not own it (Peter Dicken, 2007). ITNC have many offices and factories in many different developing countries while their headquarters will be located in developed countries. It is geographical flexible and ability to take advantage by locate its factories in different countries in the factors of productions. Besides that, TNC will bring in foreign direct investment (FDI), has a great influence in local economy and global economy as it can provide work opportunity, increase productivity, enhance in exportation and generates economic development in less developed countries or developing countries as well. an example of TNC is Sony. Global economy means an integrated world economy with free movement of goods, services and capital across countries. While 'footloose' means companies free to do everything, free to explore to everywhere without any restrictions and even enter or exit market as they like.

　　ADVANTAGES/ STRENGTHS OF TNC TOWARD HOST COUNTRIES

　　Based on the research found by Economist Newspaper Group, Incorporate, TNCs are big, rich and have a larger budget than nation's GDP. Hence, it has power influence on global economy by enrich a country economy. It can be shown by the example of how the ownership of American manufacturing plants affects their chances of closing.

　　2.1 Economic impact

　　According to the research found by Andrew Bernard of Dartmouth College's Tuck School of Business and Bradford Jensen of the Institute for International Economics, they found that between 1987 and 1997 American factories owned by multinationals not only less likely to close down but last longer than local firms. It because TNC richer, larger size and have greater production which assist them achieve greater economic of scale and much more efficient in access cheaper finance. Possess with these strengths, exporters are able to survive within global economy compare to factories which only produce for domestic market, while multinational firms are able to stand apart from their competitors from low wage countries.

　　2.2 Increase employment rate

　　The benefits of multinational provided are much more than local firms. As a multinational firm enters into a developing country or low wage country, it can provide job opportunities to local workers. For example, Nike enters into low wage countries such as Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia in order to seek low labor cost which indirect increase the employment rate of the countries. In addition, the multinational firm's labors are better beneficial than local firms' labors with higher paid and compensation from losing jobs. This may create workers' loyalty toward company and contribute more to the firm.

　　2.3 Technology contribution

　　TNC play an important role in developing countries in terms of technology contribution. For example, development of deep-water oil extraction may require mature technical skills and capabilities. For those in West Asia tend to remain State-owned oil companies in hand may require high technology and skillful technical from TNC which are not locally available like knowledge of long-distance horizontal drilling expertise used to exploit huge oil. Not only that, for certain countries which with sufficient expertise sometimes may cooperate with TNC in the development of oilfield like Kuwait. By relying on TNC's advance technology and managerial expertise, it can assist them expand globally.

　　2.4 Enhancement of export

　　One of the advantages that TNC provided is enhancement of export. This could be seen through mineral industry that TNC helped to boost its exportation by expand it production facilities, value added to minerals and use of transfer pricing within global market. According to the world investment report, involvement of TNC in trading has led the exportation of country increase especially in the field of mineral industry and resulted mineral become main export sources in most of the developing countries such as in Chile, percentage of the exportation of copper in total exports goods rose from 38% to 61% in the period of 2003- 2006.

　　Another industry that has been affected by the Involvement of TNC in trading is oil and gas field. Participant of TNC helps increase production and exportation of some countries like Argentina, Indonesia, Ecuador and etc. In Ecuador, TNC help increase their exportation of crude oil by adding transport capacity for 400.000 barrels per day (ECLAC,2004).

　　2.5 Generation revenue to developing countries

　　Participant of TNC in trading not only increase the exportation of countries but also help to generate revenue. Firms from developing countries may gain a lot from TNC in terms of learn their experience in export market which skill may not found available in local and skills in add value to the raw material before export. Increasing revenue from exportation of countries may help them have the ability to import inputs they needed from foreign countries and the foreign countries may also generate revenue from it.

　　2.6 Generation of government revenue

　　A tax system has been designed by government in order to generate revenue from companies by encourage firms finance their investment through intra-company loan. Through this way, government can generate revenue from firms when firms make installment for the loan in which the repayment may reduce firms' revenue for several years (sources from UNRISD, 2005). As mention in the case of Peru (sources: World Investment Report 2007), the net profit has rose from $4billion to $67 billion between 2002 and 2006 due to the growth of exportation. At the same time, tax income the firm paid has been increase as well from $2 billion to $27 billion and it may increase government revenue.

　　2.7 infrastructure development

　　Involvement of TNC may increase the infrastructure development in the countries due to the activities of TNC may require public utilities such as water supply, electricity supply, transportation infrastructures like road, railway, and airports for them transfer and export the goods. As an example, involvement of TNC inthe development of Lake Victoria Goldfields in United Republic of Tanzania contributed to development of infrastructure like roads, hotels and airport facilities which affected to an increase in tourism in the countries. Following by this may increase income of people in local country, increase economic growth and government revenue as well.

　　2.8 Environmental impact

　　Government has been worked hard to minimize negative impact on environment which resulting by firms' activities especially extractive activities. Types of mineral extracted, technology the firm used to extract and scale of extraction may impose an impact on environment. According to the World Investment Report 2007, it stated that domestic firms were unable to minimize the impact on environment when undertake extractive activities due to they were lack of standard environmentally management, advance technology and resources as TNC possess. With the involvement of TNC in metal mining industry may help to reduce the impact on environment with their environment-friendly production technique, advance technique extraction, and standard environmentally management ability.

　　DISADVANTAGES OF TNC

　　Participant of TNC in trading not only provide advantages but disadvantages as well.

　　3.1 Labour exploitation

　　One of the disadvantage that TNC involve in trading include exploiting cheap labour . Most of the TNC decided to move production into low wage countries or developing countries intend to exploit cheap labour as well as Nike. In order to enter low wage countries, Nike makes agreement with local producers like India and Vietnam to manufacture their products because of the low labour cost and low production cost.. Through the low paid to labour force with few dollars a day and this may reduce their production cost as well, the firm can generate high profit and have a large budget to promote their brand.

　　3.2 Removal of capital

　　TNC can bring jobs, technology and inject capital to low wage countries easily as well as it could be leave easily. All capital of TNC does not stay in host country for a long time but it can be removed anytime by TNC. This can be seen through the example of Sony Corporation left West Java, Indonesia due to the poor business climate. When there is an opportunity for TNC injects capital in this low wage country, it could allocate their factory and office in this country as they like at any time. On the contrary, Sony could remove all their capital away from this country when they faced unfavorable climate like making lose.

　　3.3 Economic recession

　　Emergence of TNC could increase economic growth or contrary. As mention above, involvement of high technology and skillful technical from TNC which are not locally available like knowledge of long-distance horizontal drilling expertise may assist in extend exportation and increase economic growth. On the other hand, when TNC taking all their capital injected to the countries away may result economic recession as well due to most of the local workers lost their income and has no expend ability. Hence, they may reduce their expenses and save all their money. Finally, it resulted economic recession.

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